By examining how tiny particles in a lithium ion battery electrode behave the researchers have shown that rapid-charging the battery and using it to do high-power, rapidly draining work may not be as damaging as had been thought and that the benefits of slow draining and charging may have been overestimated.
The findings also suggest that scientists may be able to modify electrodes or change the way batteries are charged to promote more uniform charging and discharging and extend battery life.
The fine detail of what happens in an electrode during charging and discharging is just one of many factors that determine battery life, but its one that, until this study, was not adequately understood, said William Chueh of SIMES, an assistant professor at Stanfords Department of Materials Science and Engineering and senior author of the study. We have found a new way to think about battery degradation.
The results can be directly applied to many oxide and graphite electrodes used in todays commercial lithium ion batteries and in about half of those under development.
Chueh’s team included collaborators from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sandia National Laboratories, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology America and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
One important source of battery wear and tear is the swelling and shrinking of the negative and positive electrodes as they absorb and release ions from the
electrolyte during charging and discharging.
For this study scientists looked at a positive electrode made of billions of nanoparticles of lithium iron phosphate. If most or all of these particles actively
participate in charging and discharging, theyll absorb and release ions more gently and uniformly. But if only a small percentage of particles sop up all the ions,
theyre more likely to crack and get ruined, degrading the batterys performance.
Previous studies produced conflicting views of how the nanoparticles behaved. To probe further, researchers made small coin cell batteries, charged them with different levels of current for various periods of time, quickly took them apart and rinsed the components to stop the charge/discharge process. Then they cut the electrode into extremely thin slices and took them to Berkeley Lab for examination with intense X-rays from the Advanced Light Source synchrotron, a DOE Office of Science User Facility.
We were able to look at thousands of electrode nanoparticles at a time and get snapshots of them at different stages during charging and discharging, said Stanford graduate student Yiyang Li, lead author of the report. This study is the first to do that comprehensively, under many charging and discharging conditions.
Analyzing the data using a sophisticated model developed at MIT, the researchers discovered that only a small percentage of nanoparticles absorbed and released ions during charging, even when it was done very rapidly. But when the batteries discharged, an interesting thing happened: As the discharge rate increased above a certain threshold, more and more particles started to absorb ions simultaneously, switching to a more uniform and less damaging mode. This suggests that scientists may be able to tweak the electrode material or the process to get faster rates of charging and discharging while maintaining long battery life.
Two simulations show the differences between a battery being drained at a slower rate, over a full hour, versus a faster rate, only six minutes (a tenth of an hour).
In both cases battery particles go from being fully charged (green) to fully drained (red), but there are significant differences in the patterns of discharge based on
the rate.
The next step, Li said, is to run the battery electrodes through hundreds to thousands of cycles to mimic real-world performance. The scientists also hope to take snapshots of the battery while it is charging and discharging, rather than stopping the process and taking it apart. This should yield a more realistic view, and can be done at synchrotrons such as ALS or SLACs Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, a DOE Office of Science User Facility.
Source: http://www.electronics-eetimes.com/en/is-rapid-charging-batteries-really-so-damaging.html?cmp_id=7&news_id=222922368&page=0
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